my 12 Cascadia's starter has hot-ground setup I guess. one thin wire comes to top and when it has 12v started engages and turns. the truck has starter interlocks and when one of them active the starter doesn't engage, doesn't turn, doesn't make any click/noise.
You may also notice that with the key on you may have 2 or 3 volts at the signal wire. This is how the sam_cab detects an open in the circuit. It can be confusing because you think you have partial voltage reaching the starter. Another note, I'd inspect the flywheel ring gear.
Update First shop put the wrong starter in. SMH Different sprocket gear size. Obvious when you put the two side by side.
cascadia has a particular number as does volvo and volvo d16 . they require 12 teeth not 11 like most truck have people dont usually understand this they think a starter is a starter and just slap one in happens all the time. same mistake is make on d16 starters which are rated for lot higher amp draw when you put one in from a d12 burns our in aweek.
just bought 2011 cascadia dd15 475hp truck sat fo r 9-10 months changed all 8 batteries 4 on trk and 4 smart way apu starts hard in the am wen i get to delivery trun trk off and wont start no click click
2011 cascadia sat for 9-10mnths changed all 8 bateries started up struggled went to delivery and turned trk off and ir wouldnt restart had to get it pulled started help
Give starter a swat with hammer. If it does not start repeat until it does start Not familiar but is/was there heat shield on starter?
jump the solenoid on the starter directly or replace before that i would also check if the batteries are loose or if the ground cables are good FRL always has had a sickness with those.