How could a software flash change engine base timing? Can only change injection timing with software on electronic engine unless have VVA or something similar.
Exhaust gas resurculation. Hot exhaust gas mixes with compressed charged air mix. Requiring higher compression or boost. Adding to higher cylinder temps and pressure burning soot increasing coolant temps and causing carbon packing on rings, and decreasing engine oil life and under the hood accessories. However those are side effects.
EGR works by re-introducing inert exhaust gas back into the combustion chamber to cool combustion thereby lowering nox emissions.
Hot inert exhaust gas is cooled in EGR cooler. Mixed with charge air to reduce available oxygen causing cooler burn reducing NOx. We typed basically same thing!
And my understanding on the 2017+ emissions they are reducing EGR cycles but to combat the now higher NOx they use more DEF.