If it works now as a drink holder, then that it what it IS! Unsure what it WAS. My "guess" is that it was intended to be a fire extinguisher mount. Probably a slot, not visible in this picture, where a strap would run through it to hold the extinguisher. It seems to be designed to hold a cylindrical item in a horizontal position. Can't think of much besides a fire extinguisher that fits that description and would be mounted in a truck cab. Hey, maybe a Nitrous bottle? Can a diesel use nitrous?!
LOL! It's a combo thermos/drink holder. You can stick other stuff in there, too, like a rolled up atlas. I pulled the screws out of mine, but kept it handy for my thermos. A stanley 24 oz's fits in there perfectly. You can see in the vertical(up/down) section of the photo, it has a small divet, that's where the handle of the thermos lays to stop it from shifting while traveling, you can also set the thermos vertically in the holder, hence the rounded bottom. It's really handy to have around once you unmount it, simple hex head as I recall. I would very often sit it in either my jump seat or where it was formally mounted; no more kicking my thermos around to grab a hot cup of brew.
So I was pretty close! Maybe I should get a thermos and cart around some soup from the truck stop buffet or something. Especially since I'm about to leave warm, comfortable Texas for Michigan. Back to winter for me. I'll probably unscrew it and toss it somewhere, though, maybe keep it in the seat like you do. It's just an annoyance where it is now.
But, a holder for a Nitrous bottle would be so much cooler!!!! Now, if you just figure out a way to use nitrous on a diesel! Humm, think of the potential for going up hill under a heavy load!!!!!
I'm not sure where you got your info, you can use nitrous in a truck! Just don't drive after doing it and if DOT sees it in your truck, tell them it's an energy drink.
I had one of those mounted to the right side of driver's seat on the floor in a new 2000 Pete. I keep stepping on it going back to the sleeper, so I threw it out. I don't carry a thermos anyhow. I'm not a construction worker! Petes don't have cupholders, so I set a wide bottom admiral's coffee cup on the floor. You sit low to the floor in a Pete so you can reach your coffee on the floor and so you can see out the windshield with that big drop visor.
I just delivered a load of chassis frames to the Peterbilt plant this morning... in my Freightliner. The employees were all shaking their heads.